Zhang+Xiaoxu-+Malik

2. What part of Asia were they from? Where did they live? 3. What type of family were involved in their lives? 4. What influences were present in their lives?(religion, education, family,government) 5. Describe the current events surrounding their life. 6. What are they known for doing? 7. Why was their life important to the history of Asia? 8. How is the world today effected by their life? 9. How did they die? If they are dead. 10. Why do you think they are important? //** The cousins of 'red-hair devils', i.e., the Dutch, had arrived at Java in 1595 and the Chinese coast in AD 1602. From AD 1603 to 1624, Ming China exerted hundreds of ships and thousands of soldiers to repelling the [|Dutch] from Chinese coasts and the Pescadores Islands. Often, numerous Ming ships encircled big Dutch warships for sake of winning the fight. Ming China mobilized a huge field army for landing on the Penghu Islands (i.e., Pescadores) and after fierce fighting, forced the Dutch into withdrawal. Dozens of years later, Zheng Chenggong, son of pirate-turned Ming General Zheng Zhilong, would first adopt the approach of "defeating the aliens by means of aliens' weapons". In February 1662, Zheng Chenggong successfully expelled from Taiwan Island the Dutch who, having colonized the island from 1624 to 1662, already latinized the aboriginals' language to the extent that the aboriginals no longer remembered their own native language. Before the Dutch, Ming China waged two wars against [|Portuguese] during time periods of 1521-1522 and 1547-1549 for securing territorial integrity.
 * //1. When did they live?

Manchu Qing China, in the ensuing hundreds of years, had been mostly occupied with "pleasure-seeking and [|literature-decoration]", a 1916 comment by Japanese Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu in regards to Yuan Shi-kai's death and its influence on the rise and fall of the Republic Of China. 

In AD 1514, i.e., 9th Year of Ming Emperor Wuzong's Zhengde Era, the first Portuguese ship arrived at Guangdong Province coastline. Ming China, as a result of bribery and collusion of Portuguese with local officials, mis-identified the Portuguese as the same as Malacca merchants. In AD 1520, Ming Dynasty verified that Fulangji (i.e., Portugal) had incorporated the land of Malacca that was considered a Ming vassal. By 1521, Emperor Shizong (Zhu Houcong, r 1522-1566) issued the decree of expulsion right after enthronement. The Portuguese interpreter was executed, while Portuguese emissary Thomas Pirez was driven to Guangdong coast from Peking. Thomas Pirez, retained as a hostage for restoring Malacca Kingdom, later died in prison in Guangdong Province. During 1521-1522 Sino-Portuguese War, Ming army climbed up two Portuguese ships, killed about 35 Portuguese, captured 43 Portuguese alive, caught about 10 men and women (Portuguese captives?), and caused numerous others fall off the ships and get drowned in the seas. From 1547 to 1549, Ming Governor Zhu Wan, also the imperial commissioner for coastal defence of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, launched three attacks at the Portuguese, wiping out Portuguese strongholds at Shuangyu (Ningbo, Zhejiang), and killed and captured over 239 Portuguese at Wuyu (Zhuangzhou, Fujian) and Zoumaxi (Shaoan, Fujian). Later, Portuguese came back to Xiangshan'ao area. As a result of Portuguese bribery and collusion with Ming local official, in AD 1553, Portuguese, who discarded the old name of Falangji [Fulangji], swindled the land of Macao by first pretending to dry their wet merchandise. Ming China, however, continuously restricted Portuguese activities by dismantling their church and city walls.
 * Portuguese, British & Macao**

On May 29th 1622, two British ships joined 15 Dutch warships in attacking Macao. In AD 1635, British, who had assisted Portuguese in shipping copper and metals to Goa one year ago but were refused entry into Macao, would dispatch 6 warships to Macao for trading with China. When British moored near Macao on June 25th 1637, Portuguese refused entry to the British. British, however, sailed along Pearl River towards Canton, bombarded Humen Battery when Chinese tried to stop them, and did not retreat till Chinese allowed some of their goods tranferred to Canton. Thereafter, British, by pretending to provide cover to Portuguese in passage through Dutch-blockaded Malacca Strait, gained access to Macao. Only after Chinese intervention did the British leave Macao. British would not return to Macao till AD March 18th 1802, about **160** years later. In between, around AD 1743, county magistrate for Dongguan county, i.e., Yin Guangren, boarded two British warships that were blown to Siziyang Sea near Humen Battery and forced British into releasing 299 Spanish captives to Portuguese in Macao before providing food, repairmen and other logistics.

Succeeding Manchu Dynasty inherited Ming China's policy and granted the Portuguese access to the markets the same way as to Arab, Muslim & Southeast Asian traders. British returned to Macao after Britain, in AD 1801, grabbed Goa from Portugal by taking advantage of the Portuguese defeat in Portuguese-Franco War. Portuguese governor sought help with Manchu China. After China refused to trade with Britain and cut off supply to British, British ships left in June 1802. By late 1807, Lisbon fell into the French hands. British governor in India pretended to help Macao defend against France, and dispatched 10 ships to Macao on Sept 11th 1808. About 760 British soldiers occupied Macao.

Manchu China forbade trade with Britain, cut off supply of foods to Macao, and dispatched 80000 soldiers against the British. On the date of ultimatum, i.e., Dec 18th, British evacuated from Macao. In April of 1809, Manchu Governor-general Han Feng inspected Macao for defence fortifications.

Peru, Pacific Islands, West Indies, North Africa, South Africa, and Australia had all engaged in Chinese coolie slave trade. Chinese coolies built the Panama Railway. America was no exception. Chinese coolies built the US railroads and highways across Western US territories. Per Ah Ying, Chinese were first "shanghai'ed" to California in 1847 in the aftermath of American annexation of the Mexican province. The second wave of coolies came in 1865 when US constructed continental railways and highways. (@http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/cubhtml/cicTitles12.html contained a dossier of files on "The Chinese in California, 1850-1925". "Chinese Exclusion Act" was based on a 1879 California state law which discriminated against Chinese as scapegoats for the 1877 economic recession. The Peking Treaty of 1880 buried inside such clauses as allowing the US government take measures against Chinese coolies. See cprr.org/Museum/Fusang.html for Chinese Railroad Men working as coolie in America under ferocious White men's racial discrimination. In California, Chinese coolies dug the canal, built the dykes, and turned 400,000 acres of Sacramento marsh land into agricultural land. Also see SAN LUIS OBISPO'S CHINESE for the context of the 1882 **Chinese Exclusion Act**. US government, after acquiring Hawaii in summer of 1898 and Philippines in Dec 1898, applied "Chinese Exclusion Act" to Chinese on the two islands, and further, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law to have "Chinese Exclusion Act" applied throughout US-controlled islands and territories over the world, making the Chinese the **lowest** caste, a fundamental cause in Chinese suffering in ethnic cleansing which occurred in Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia etc. More, Portuguese specialized in selling Chinese women and Chinese girls overseas as sex slaves throughout the latter half of 19th century. One Jesuit's AD 1563 account stated that he had taught Christianity to two batches of 450 and 200 Chinese women slaves before they were sold to Portuguese merchants and officials in Goa as sex slaves; Archbishop at Goa, Dom Ignacis De Sama Terez, stated in 1725 that Chinese women slaves were often cruelly killed by the wives of Portuguese merchants & officials and that Portuguese women encouraged their sons in sexually abusing Chinese women and girls; and in 1855, A British ship, //Englewood//, carried over 40 Chinese girls around age 7-8 [abducted from Ningbo area of coastal Zhejiang Prov] for transfer to a Portuguese called Martinez in Amoy port. Note that some White males have a sick & clandestine opinion even today that small Chinese/Asian women are good for sex.